From what I remember m8 yes you do need special network cards usually called Gbic modules, that stands funily enough for gigabit, the network cards usually come in two parts a board part that you plyg into the machine as per standard cards and then a small black rectangle in which you plug the fibre cable which slots into the card
As agro says you need boosters etc over a certain lenght as you do with any networking really, personally though I've used fibre through HA (high availability) Pairs, where basically there are two machines that sit next to each other, both sharing a RAID array, and the two machines keep an eye on each other via fibre running a "heartbeat" program between them, if the 2nd machine detects the 1st has died it kicks in and takes over.
Also Fibre can be tempremental at best, it's worth it if you NEED it but not if you are just doing it for something different.....
Why do you need to know this out of interest m8 ?